Open Access

REVIEW

Gehad Azmy, Mohamed El-Morsi, Omar Abdelaziz^*
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 1-54, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.059710 - 26 February 2025
Abstract This review paper presents an in-depth investigation of the modeling techniques used to study conveyor belt dryers. These techniques are classified into four categories: theoretical modeling, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), empirical, and performance under different control strategies. Within the theoretical and CFD categories, the models are further classified as transient and steady state, as well as one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional. The empirical approach involves conducting experimental studies to collect moisture ratio data during the drying process and comparing it with empirical models. The methods of control are divided into classical and advanced controllers, with classical… More >

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ARTICLE

Hanli Bi¹, Zheng Peng², Chenpeng Liu³, Zhichao Jia¹, Guoguang Li¹, Yuandong Guo², Hongxing Zhang^1,*, Jianyin Miao¹
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 55-70, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2024.057933 - 26 February 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Recent Advances in Loop Heat Pipe)
Abstract As space technology advances, thermal control systems must effectively collect and dissipate heat from distributed, multi-source environments. Loop heat pipe is a highly reliable two-phase heat transfer component, but it has several limitations when addressing multi-source heat dissipation. Inspired by the transport and heat dissipation system of plants, large trees achieve stable and efficient liquid supply under the influence of two driving forces: capillary force during transpiration in the leaves (pull) and root pressure generated by osmotic pressure in the roots (push). The root pressure provides an effective liquid supply with a driving force exceeding… More >

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354

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ARTICLE

Sudipta Debnath¹, Zahir Uddin Ahmed², Muhammad Ikhlaq^3,4,*, Md. Tanvir Khan⁵, Avneet Kaur⁶, Kuljeet Singh Grewal¹
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 71-94, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2024.059734 - 26 February 2025
Abstract Impinging jet arrays are extensively used in numerous industrial operations, including the cooling of electronics, turbine blades, and other high-heat flux systems because of their superior heat transfer capabilities. Optimizing the design and operating parameters of such systems is essential to enhance cooling efficiency and achieve uniform pressure distribution, which can lead to improved system performance and energy savings. This paper presents two multi-objective optimization methodologies for a turbulent air jet impingement cooling system. The governing equations are resolved employing the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS Fluent v17. The study focuses on four… More >

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ARTICLE

Mingzhu Tang¹, Yujie Huang¹, Dongxu Ji², Hao Yu^2,*
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 95-129, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.061143 - 26 February 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Modeling, Control, and Optimization of Energy Modules and Systems)
Abstract Load deviations between the output of ultra-supercritical (USC) coal-fired power units and automatic generation control (AGC) commands can adversely affect the safe and stable operation of these units and grid load dispatching. Data-driven diagnostic methods often fail to account for the imbalanced distribution of data samples, leading to reduced classification performance in diagnosing load deviations in USC units. To address the class imbalance issue in USC load deviation datasets, this study proposes a diagnostic method based on the multi-label natural neighbor boundary oversampling technique (MLNaNBDOS). The method is articulated in three phases. Initially, the traditional… More >

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350

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ARTICLE

L. S. Sundar^*, Sérgio M. O. Tavares, António M. B. Pereira, Antonio C. M. Sousa
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 131-162, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.055854 - 26 February 2025
Abstract The experimental analysis takes too much time-consuming process and requires considerable effort, while, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithms are simple, affordable, and fast, and they allow us to make a relevant analysis in establishing an appropriate relationship between the input and output parameters. This paper deals with the use of back-propagation ANN algorithms for the experimental data of heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, and friction factor of water-based Fe₃O₄-TiO₂ magnetic hybrid nanofluids in a mini heat sink under magnetic fields. The data considered for the ANN network is at different Reynolds numbers (239 to 1874),… More >

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310

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ARTICLE

Ziyi Wang^1,2, Sen Li^1,2,*, Xiaolin Wei^1,2, Jing Zhao¹, Bo Li¹, Yuan Yao¹
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 163-184, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2024.059740 - 26 February 2025
Abstract In the novel fully dry converter gas recovery process, a novel circumfluent cyclone separator with an evaporation heating surface can simultaneously realize the dust removal and sensible heat recovery of converter gas. For this equipment, the distributions of internal flow and wall heat transfer affect the efficiency of dust removal and sensible heat recovery. In this study, based on on-site operation tests, the distributions of internal flow and wall heat transfer in the circumfluent cyclone separator are studied by numerical simulation. The results indicate that the flow rate proportions in different regions of the circumfluent More >

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313

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ARTICLE

Karim Amrani^1,*, Eugenia Rossi di Schio^2,*, Mohamed Bouzit³, Abderrahim Mokhefi^1,4, Abdelkader Aris¹, Cherif Belhout³, Paolo Valdiserri²
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 185-206, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.059833 - 26 February 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Heat Transfer Enhancement for Energy Applications)
Abstract The present study focuses on the flow of a yield-stress (Bingham) nanofluid, consisting of suspended Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, subjected to a magnetic field in a backward-facing step duct (BFS) configuration. The duct is equipped with a cylindrical obstacle, where the lower wall is kept at a constant temperature. The yield-stress nanofluid enters this duct at a cold temperature with fully developed velocity. The aim of the present investigation is to explore the influence of flow velocity (Re = 10 to 200), nanoparticle concentration ( = 0 to 0.1), magnetic field intensity (Ha = 0 to 100), and… More >

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316

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ARTICLE

Abdelilah Makaoui¹, El Bachir Lahmer^1,*, Jaouad Benhamou^1,2, Mohammed Amine Moussaoui¹, Ahmed Mezrhab¹
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 207-230, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2024.060166 - 26 February 2025
Abstract This study focuses on numerically investigating thermal behavior within a differentially heated cavity filled with nanofluid with and without obstacles. Numerical comparison with previous studies proves the consistency and efficacy of the lattice Boltzmann method associated with a single relaxation time and its possibility of studying the nanofluid and heat transfer with high accuracy. Key parameters, including nanoparticle type and concentration, Rayleigh number, fluid basis, and obstacle position and dimension, were examined to identify optimal conditions for enhancing heat transfer quality. Principal findings indicated that increasing the Rayleigh number boosts buoyancy forces and alters vortex More >

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306

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ARTICLE

Shenghua Li¹, Kehan Liu², Bangxing Qian², Ziwei Wen², Bo Shi^2,*
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 231-248, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.059963 - 26 February 2025
Abstract Phase change heat transfer devices like heat pipes are widely utilized in temperature control and heat transfer. However, the traditional single uniform wick makes it hard to meet the requirements of capillary pressure and permeability for high-performance heat pipes, thus limiting the improvement of heat transfer performance. In this paper, a gradient structure wick sintered by 316 L stainless steel powder is designed. The capillary performance is tested and characterized through permeability test experiments and capillary rise infrared test experiments. Moreover, the influence of different particle sizes of sintered powder on the capillary performance of More >

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315

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ARTICLE

Rabindra Nath Mondal¹, Giulio Lorenzini^2,*, Sidhartha Bhowmick¹, Sreedham Chandra Adhikari³
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 249-278, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2024.057990 - 26 February 2025
Abstract The present study investigates the non-isothermal flow and energy distribution through a loosely bent rectangular duct using a spectral-based numerical approach over a wide range of the Dean number . Unlike previous research, this work offers novel insights by conducting a grid-point-specific velocity analysis and identifying new bifurcation structures. The study reveals how centrifugal and buoyancy forces interact to produce steady, periodic, and chaotic flow regimes significantly influencing heat transfer performance. The Newton-Raphson method is employed to explore four asymmetric steady branches, with vortex solutions ranging from 2- to 12 vortices. Unsteady flow characteristics are… More >

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300

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ARTICLE

Yiming Rongyang¹, Zhenyue Yu¹, Ruisheng Liang^2,*, Wei Su¹, Jianjian Wei^2,3
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 279-298, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.059637 - 26 February 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer within Novel Cooling Structures)
Abstract Data center cooling systems are substantial energy consumers, and managing the heat generated by electronic devices is becoming more complex as chip power levels continue to rise. The single-phase immersion cooling (SPIC) server with oil coolant is numerically investigated using the validated Re-Normalization Group (RNG) k-ε model. For the investigated scenarios where coolant velocity at the tank inlet is 0.004 m/s and the total power is 740 W, the heat transfer between the heat sinks and the coolant is dominated by natural convection, although forced convection mediates the overall heat transfer inside the tank. The maximum… More >

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359

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ARTICLE

Hongkun Lu^1,2,*, M. M. Noor^2,3,4,*, K. Kadirgama²
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 299-324, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2024.059871 - 26 February 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Heat and Mass Transfer in Energy Equipment)
Abstract To improve the thermal performance and temperature uniformity of battery pack, this paper presents a novel battery thermal management system (BTMS) that integrates oscillating heat pipe (OHP) technology with liquid cooling. The primary innovation of the new hybrid BTMS lies in the use of an OHP with vertically arranged evaporator and condenser, enabling dual heat transfer pathways through liquid cooling plate and OHP. This study experimentally investigates the performance characteristics of the ⊥-shaped OHP and hybrid BTMS. Results show that lower filling ratios significantly enhance the OHP’s startup performance but reduce operational stability, with optimal… More >

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ARTICLE

Ruibin Wang, Fuyong Su^*, Shuo Huang, Shengyong Ma
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 325-344, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2024.058835 - 26 February 2025
Abstract The main function of a hot blast stove is to deliver a high-temperature and stable hot blast to the blast furnace, which has an important impact on the blast furnace ironmaking process. To improve the combustion efficiency, a simulation model of the combustion part of an internal combustion hot blast stove was established by combining turbulence, combustion, and radiation models. Based on the original model, a new type of internal combustion hot blast stove is proposed. The results indicated insufficient combustion in the original structure and higher CO concentrations in the corners of the eyes… More >

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302

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ARTICLE

Mariam Habouria¹, Sahbi Ouertani^1,*, Noura Ben Mansour², Soufien Azzouz¹, Mohamed Taher Elaieb³
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 345-360, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2024.057387 - 26 February 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Multiscale Heat and Mass Transfer and Energy Conversion)
Abstract The aim of this paper was to characterize through experiment the moisture and temperature kinetic behavior of Eucalyptus gomphocephala wood samples using microwave heating (MWH) in two scenarios: intermittently and continuously. The mechanical properties and surface appearance of the heated samples were also investigated. Continuous and intermittent microwave drying kinetic experiments were conducted at a frequency of 2.45 GHz using a microwave laboratory oven at 300, 500, and 1000 watts. Drying rate curves indicated three distinct phases of MWH. Increasing the microwave power with a shorter drying time led to rapid increases in internal temperature and… More >

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360

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ARTICLE

Wei Zhang^*, Haojie Chen, Kunyu Cheng, Yulong Zhang
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 361-381, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.059837 - 26 February 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Recent Advances in Loop Heat Pipe)
Abstract The present work deals with the numerical study of the two-phase flow pattern and heat transfer characteristics of single-loop pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) under three modified surfaces (superhydrophilic evaporation section paired with superhydrophilic, superhydrophobic, and hybrid condensation section). The Volume of Fluid (VOF) model was utilized to capture the phase-change process within the PHPs. The study also evaluated the influence of surface wettability on fluid patterns and thermo-dynamic heat transfer performance under various heat fluxes. The results indicated that the effective nucleation and detachment of droplets are critical factors influencing the thermal performance of the… More >

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